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Bartter syndrome

Bartter syndromes is a group genetically heterogenous autosomal recessive disorders characterized by hypokalemic salt-losing tubulopathies.

Historical Aspects

1968 Bartter first described a new syndrome characterized by hyperplasia
of the juxtaglomerular complex with hyperaldosteronism and hypokalemic
alkalosis. Today we consider these these symptoms as classic Bartter syndrome although some authors maintain that this two cases were in fact Gitelman syndrome.[Error: Macro 'ref' doesn't exist]

Clinical Findings

All forms of Bartter syndrome are characterized by hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis, hyperreninemic hyperaldosteronism, normal blood pressure, and hyperkaliuria. Also renal chloride excretion is incresead when related to serum levels.

Pathogenesis

Wastage of salt and water is a result of inactivating mutations in genes that encode membrane transportes of the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle. The effect of these mutations on salt and water handling is similar to that of loop diuretics such as furosemide.

Symptoms

Alkalosis
In Bartter syndrome, metabolic alkalosis is found with hypokalemia and hypochloremia.
Hypochloremia
In Bartter syndrome, hypochloremia is found with hypokalemia and metabolic alkalosis.
Hypokalemia
In Bartter syndrome, hypokalemia is found with metabolic alkalosis and hypochloremia.
Polyuria
Polyuria is seldom as prominent as in diabetes insipidus. Urine osmolality is usually above 300 mosmol/kg and total solute excretion exceeds the normal range (600 to 900 mosmol/day).
Hypercalciuria
By contrast to antenatal, hypercalciuria in classic Bartter syndrome does not cause nephrocalcinosis. Furthermore renal salt an water wastage dominate the clinical picture. Hypokalemia and metabolic alkalosis are the most prominent clinical symptoms.

Systematic

Hereditary Salt-wasting tubulopathies
Bartter syndrome
Antenatal Bartter syndrome type 1
SLC12A1
Antenatal Bartter syndrome type 2
KCNJ1
Classic Bartter syndrome
CLCNKB
Hypercalciuric hypocalcemia 1
CASR
Hypercalciuric hypocalcemia 2
GNA11
Infantile Bartter syndrome with deafness type 4
BSND
CLCNKA
CLCNKB
Transient antenatal Bartter syndrome
MAGED2
EAST syndrome
Gitelman syndrome
Hypomagnesemia

References:

1.

Fujiwara TM et al. (2005) Molecular biology of hereditary diabetes insipidus.

external link
2.

Peters M et al. () Hereditary Hypokalemic Salt-losing Tubular Disorders.

external link
3.

BARTTER FC et al. (1962) Hyperplasia of the juxtaglomerular complex with hyperaldosteronism and hypokalemic alkalosis. A new syndrome.

external link
4.

Bichet DG et al. (2004) Reabsorption of sodium chloride--lessons from the chloride channels.

external link
5.

OMIM.ORG article

Omim 607364 external link
6.

Orphanet article

Orphanet ID 112 external link
7.

Wikipedia article

Wikipedia EN (Bartter_syndrome) external link
Update: Aug. 14, 2020
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