The protein encoded by this gene is a potassium channel that regulates insulin secretion in pancreatic beta cells. Loss-of-funtion mutations cause autosomal recessive and less commonly dominant hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia. Gain-of-function mutations, on the other hand, cause autosomal dominant permanent neonatal juvenile (MODY13) diabetes mellitus, a special case of which is DEND syndrome that is associated by neurological symptoms.
The protein forms a heterodimer with SUR, the sulfonyl urea receptor.
Mutations inhibiting the beta cell result in permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus. On the other hand activating mutations lead to hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia.
The inwardly rectifying potassium conductance is activated by diazoxide and inhibited by sulfonyl urea, which results in decreased or increased insulin secretion. Mutations activating the channel and inhibiting its ATP inhibition result in reduced insulin secretion. The opposite is true for mutations that inhibit the channel conductance.
Clinic | Method | Carrier testing |
Turnaround | 5 days | |
Specimen type | genomic DNA |
Clinic | Method | Massive parallel sequencing |
Turnaround | 25 days | |
Specimen type | genomic DNA |
Clinic | Method | Genomic sequencing of the entire coding region |
Turnaround | 20 days | |
Specimen type | genomic DNA |
Clinic | Method | Multiplex Ligation-Dependent Probe Amplification |
Turnaround | 25 days | |
Specimen type | genomic DNA |
1. |
Proks P et al. (2004) Molecular basis of Kir6.2 mutations associated with neonatal diabetes or neonatal diabetes plus neurological features. |
2. |
Thomas P et al. (1996) Mutation of the pancreatic islet inward rectifier Kir6.2 also leads to familial persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia of infancy. |
3. |
Nestorowicz A et al. (1997) A nonsense mutation in the inward rectifier potassium channel gene, Kir6.2, is associated with familial hyperinsulinism. |
4. |
Inagaki N et al. (1995) Reconstitution of IKATP: an inward rectifier subunit plus the sulfonylurea receptor. |
6. |
Yorifuji T et al. (2005) The C42R mutation in the Kir6.2 (KCNJ11) gene as a cause of transient neonatal diabetes, childhood diabetes, or later-onset, apparently type 2 diabetes mellitus. |
7. |
Gloyn AL et al. (2005) Relapsing diabetes can result from moderately activating mutations in KCNJ11. |
8. |
Colombo C et al. (2005) Transient neonatal diabetes mellitus is associated with a recurrent (R201H) KCNJ11 (KIR6.2) mutation. |
9. |
Koster JC et al. (2000) Targeted overactivity of beta cell K(ATP) channels induces profound neonatal diabetes. |
10. |
Yamada K et al. (2001) Protective role of ATP-sensitive potassium channels in hypoxia-induced generalized seizure. |
11. |
Ribalet B et al. (2003) Molecular basis for Kir6.2 channel inhibition by adenine nucleotides. |
13. |
Thomas PM et al. (1995) Homozygosity mapping, to chromosome 11p, of the gene for familial persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia of infancy. |
14. |
Gupta RK et al. (2005) The MODY1 gene HNF-4alpha regulates selected genes involved in insulin secretion. |
15. |
Proks P et al. (2005) Functional effects of KCNJ11 mutations causing neonatal diabetes: enhanced activation by MgATP. |
16. |
Gloyn AL et al. (2006) Mutations in the genes encoding the pancreatic beta-cell KATP channel subunits Kir6.2 (KCNJ11) and SUR1 (ABCC8) in diabetes mellitus and hyperinsulinism. |
17. |
Slingerland AS et al. (2006) Activating mutations in the gene encoding Kir6.2 alter fetal and postnatal growth and also cause neonatal diabetes. |
18. |
Lin YW et al. (2008) Destabilization of ATP-sensitive potassium channel activity by novel KCNJ11 mutations identified in congenital hyperinsulinism. |
19. |
Girard CA et al. (2009) Expression of an activating mutation in the gene encoding the KATP channel subunit Kir6.2 in mouse pancreatic beta cells recapitulates neonatal diabetes. |
20. |
Clark RH et al. (2010) Muscle dysfunction caused by a KATP channel mutation in neonatal diabetes is neuronal in origin. |
21. |
Chandy KG et al. (1993) Nomenclature for mammalian potassium channel genes. |
22. |
Inagaki N et al. (1996) A family of sulfonylurea receptors determines the pharmacological properties of ATP-sensitive K+ channels. |
23. |
Miki T et al. (1997) Abnormalities of pancreatic islets by targeted expression of a dominant-negative KATP channel. |
26. |
Tornovsky S et al. (2004) Hyperinsulinism of infancy: novel ABCC8 and KCNJ11 mutations and evidence for additional locus heterogeneity. |
27. |
Hansen SK et al. (2005) Analysis of separate and combined effects of common variation in KCNJ11 and PPARG on risk of type 2 diabetes. |
28. |
et al. (2007) Genome-wide association analysis identifies loci for type 2 diabetes and triglyceride levels. |
29. |
Scott LJ et al. (2007) A genome-wide association study of type 2 diabetes in Finns detects multiple susceptibility variants. |
30. |
Zeggini E et al. (2007) Replication of genome-wide association signals in UK samples reveals risk loci for type 2 diabetes. |
31. |
Gloyn AL et al. (2004) Activating mutations in the gene encoding the ATP-sensitive potassium-channel subunit Kir6.2 and permanent neonatal diabetes. |
32. |
Massa O et al. (2005) KCNJ11 activating mutations in Italian patients with permanent neonatal diabetes. |
33. |
Proks P et al. (2005) A gating mutation at the internal mouth of the Kir6.2 pore is associated with DEND syndrome. |
34. |
Gloyn AL et al. (2006) KCNJ11 activating mutations are associated with developmental delay, epilepsy and neonatal diabetes syndrome and other neurological features. |
35. |
Masia R et al. (2007) An ATP-binding mutation (G334D) in KCNJ11 is associated with a sulfonylurea-insensitive form of developmental delay, epilepsy, and neonatal diabetes. |
36. |
Shimomura K et al. (2007) A novel mutation causing DEND syndrome: a treatable channelopathy of pancreas and brain. |
38. |
Mlynarski W et al. (2007) Sulfonylurea improves CNS function in a case of intermediate DEND syndrome caused by a mutation in KCNJ11. |
39. |
Koster JC et al. (2008) The G53D mutation in Kir6.2 (KCNJ11) is associated with neonatal diabetes and motor dysfunction in adulthood that is improved with sulfonylurea therapy. |
40. |
Slingerland AS et al. (2008) Sulphonylurea therapy improves cognition in a patient with the V59M KCNJ11 mutation. |
41. |
Koster JC et al. (2008) DEND mutation in Kir6.2 (KCNJ11) reveals a flexible N-terminal region critical for ATP-sensing of the KATP channel. |
42. |
Della Manna T et al. (2008) Glibenclamide unresponsiveness in a Brazilian child with permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus and DEND syndrome due to a C166Y mutation in KCNJ11 (Kir6.2) gene. |
44. |
Henwood MJ et al. (2005) Genotype-phenotype correlations in children with congenital hyperinsulinism due to recessive mutations of the adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channel genes. |
45. |
Pinney SE et al. (2008) Clinical characteristics and biochemical mechanisms of congenital hyperinsulinism associated with dominant KATP channel mutations. |
47. |
Taneja TK et al. (2009) Sar1-GTPase-dependent ER exit of KATP channels revealed by a mutation causing congenital hyperinsulinism. |
48. |
NCBI article NCBI 3767 |
49. |
OMIM.ORG article Omim 600937 |
50. |
Orphanet article Orphanet ID 122787 |
51. |
Wikipedia article Wikipedia EN (Kir6.2) |